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10 tips to help you practise more effectively
提高练琴效率的十大妙招
By Amy MacKenzie
Create atmosphere
渲染练琴气氛
Incorporate these tips into your daily practice routine, and you'll soon see the benefits.Get the right set-up for you. Whether you prefer to concentrate in a quiet practice room or somewhere with more stimulation, try be consistent with your choice. This will help you enter the right mindset when you begin to practise.
把这些建议融入到你的日常练琴中，你很快就会发现其中的好处。做好准备工作。不管你是喜欢在一个安静的练习室全神贯注的练琴还是在有干扰性的地方，决定了就不改变。当你开始练习时，这将帮助你进入正确的心态。
Make sure you have everything you need close by: water, snacks, pencils, sharpeners, rubbers, highlighters, manuscript paper - it will save you a lot of time. Technology can also be an amazing aid, providing you don't spend too much time faffing with it. Why not download free apps that act as a metronome, a tuner or a timer (all essential tools for practising)?
确保你有你需要的一切在附近：水，小吃，铅笔，卷笔，橡皮，荧光笔，草稿纸。这将节省你很多时间。科技也可以成为练琴时的神助攻，只要你不花太多的时间在与它打交道上。你可以节拍器、调音器或计时器的免费手机应用作为辅助练琴的基本工具。
Don’t just play a piece or passage over and over again, and definitely don’t just power through a problem area and ignore it. Identify where you are stumbling out of time or continuously using the wrong fingering, work out why it's going wrong, then decide how you are going to fix it.
不要翻来覆去演奏同一首乐曲或一个乐段，也千万别集中全力练习一个问题片段然后迅速抛之脑后忽略它。你应当找出你的问题在哪里，避免练琴时间的浪费或者重复不断的使用错误的指法，找出错误的原因，才能决定你将如何去解决它。
Not every problem should be approached in the same way. If it's a rhythmic problem, try practising the rhythm alone on a table or just using one note alongside a metronome so you don’t have to think about the notes as well, starting slowly then gradually increasing the tempo. Once you’ve mastered the rhythm, you will find re-introducing the notes much easier. When you've overcome the problem, don’t go straight back to the beginning of the piece or passage; practise working in and out of the phrase from a few measures before until a few after, to ensure continuity.
并非每一个问题都应该以同样的方式来处理。如果是有节奏的问题，试着单独在桌子上练习节奏，或者在节拍器旁边用一个音符，这样你就不用再去想音符，慢慢的开始，然后逐渐增加节奏。一旦你掌握了节奏，你会发现重新介绍音符容易得多。当你已经克服了这个问题，不要直接回到文章或文章的开头；在开始的时候练习从几个步骤到之后的几个步骤中练习，以确保连续性。
Warm up
热身练习
Like a physical workout, a warm-up is essential. But don’t just plough through the same warm-up routine every-time and let your mind wander – a warm-up isn't just about getting your muscles moving. Take it as an opportunity to prepare your body and mind for work and take stock of how you're feeling, how you're breathing, the tension your body is holding and why you are doing that particular exercise.
就像锻炼身体一样，热身运动是必不可少的。但是不要每次都做同样的热身动作，也不要让你的思维游离——热身并不仅仅是让你的肌肉活动起来。要把热身练习作为一个让你为投入练琴状态做好身心准备的机会，感受你的感觉，你呼吸的方式，你的身体所承受的紧张感，以及明白你这项热身练习是为了达到怎样的练习目的。
Your warm-up doesn’t always have to be 15 minutes of scales; try different technical studies or sight reading. If you are going to do scales, consider the keys of the pieces you are rehearsing. And as a cool-down, revisit a piece of music you already know well and enjoy.
热身练习不一定非得是15分钟时间，你也可以尝试不同的技术性练习曲或视奏练习。如果你要练习音阶，最好和你所练习乐曲的调性相同。热身过后你可以重温一段你已经掌握或者心仪的音乐。
Have a goal
有目标
Playing through all your old music isn’t the same as practising. Start with the end in mind: by having a goal for each practice session before you start playing, you will find you progress much more quickly and effectively. Then, break each goal down into smaller, focused objectives. You'll feel a great sense of accomplishment as you complete each goal.
演奏曾经掌握的音乐和练琴不一样。练琴始终都要用心，需要给每次练习设定一个目标，你会发现你进步得更快，更有效。然后，把每个目标分解成更小的，更集中的目标。当你完成每个目标的时候，你会感觉到一种巨大的成就感。
Be realistic
现实点！
We all grow up with our teachers telling us "don’t leave it until the night before". We’ve all been guilty of it at some point, and if we have an intimidating part to practise, it is easy to push it to the back of our mind. However, it is much more effective to practise little and often, and slowly chip away at your nemesis day by day.
我们都是在老师的教导下长大的，告诉我们“不要把难题留到回课前一天晚上来突击”。我们都曾有过这样的负罪感，如果我们需要练习一个令人头疼的曲目，我们很容易心生畏惧。实际上少而精的练习会有效得多，并且会逐渐消灭你的克星。
It’s about quality, not quantity. If you aim to practise smarter, not longer, you will find yourself with a lot more willpower to draw upon. By setting small and realistic goals, you will find you overcome tricky areas much easier, and you'll be less likely to beat yourself up for not completing absolutely everything you had planned.
练琴重要的是质量，而不是数量。如果你的目标用脑子练琴，而不是打时间战，你会发现自己精力无限。通过设定小而可实现的目标，你会发现你能更容易地克服棘手的领域，而且你也不太可能因为没有完成计划中的所有事情而自责。
Identify and overcome the problems
找出并克服困难片段
Don’t just play a piece or passage over and over again, and definitely don’t just power through a problem area and ignore it. Identify where you are stumbling out of time or continuously using the wrong fingering, work out why it's going wrong, then decide how you are going to fix it.
不要只是翻来覆去演奏一段乐曲或一个乐段，千万别光集中全力克服一个困难片段有迅速把它抛之脑后。找出你在哪里在浪费时间，或者不断的使用错误的指法，找出错误的原因，然后决定你将如何去修复它。
Not every problem should be approached in the same way. If it's a rhythmic problem, try practising the rhythm alone on a table or just using one note alongside a metronome so you don’t have to think about the notes as well, starting slowly then gradually increasing the tempo.
并非每一个问题都应该以同样的方式来处理。如果是有节奏的问题，试着单独在桌子上练习节奏，或者使用节拍器用一个音符演奏，这样你就不用再去考虑音符，从慢速开始练习，然后逐渐加快节奏。一旦你掌握了节奏，你会发现重新加入其它音符演奏变得容易得多。
Once you’ve mastered the rhythm, you will find re-introducing the notes much easier. When you've overcome the problem, don’t go straight back to the beginning of the piece or passage; practise working in and out of the phrase from a few measures before until a few after, to ensure continuity.
当你已经克服了这个问题，不要直接回到乐曲或乐段的开头；从困难片段的前几小节开始演奏再到困难片段的结束后几小节为止，以确保整首乐曲的连续性。
more than just playing the notes
不仅仅是演奏音符
It's also important to understand your instrument, its repertoire, the history of the period and why the music is written a certain way. For example, if you are singing in a foreign language, make sure you translate the libretto so you understand the true meaning behind the words. Spend some time listening to great artists and recordings of the music you are playing and try analyse what makes the artist or particular performance so great.
理解你的乐器，和你所演奏的曲目很重要。要了解它是什么历史时期创作的，以及它创作方式是怎样。就好比你用外语唱歌，一定要翻译歌词，这样你就能理解歌词背后的真正含义。花一些时间听伟大的艺术家和你正在演奏曲目的唱片，并尝试分析是什么使艺术家极其非凡的表演如此卓越。
Visualising yourself playing the music can also be extremely helpful. Whether you visualise playing the part perfectly in the practice room or the concert hall is up to you, but spending some time away from your instrument, hearing the sound you're aiming for, seeing the music in front of you can make a huge difference to your mental and physical performance. If you’re tight for time, or you’re going to be stuck somewhere quiet like a train, take your music with you and read through it in your head.
对演奏现场感的想象对提高练琴效果也会非常有帮助。无论你是在练习室还是在音乐厅完美地表演这个角色，都取决于你，但是花些时间远离你的乐器，倾听你想要的声音，感受音乐会对你的精神和身体表现产生巨大的影响。如果你时间紧迫，或者你将被困在一个安静的地方，像火车，带上你的音乐，在你的脑海里“阅读”它。
Write on your music
在乐谱上做标记
Don’t be afraid to scribble on your scores. Obviously some music does have to be treasured, but photocopy your score and do whatever it takes to make it easier to interpret the music. If you miss something once, make a mental note. But if it is a common occurrence then don’t be afraid to write in the correct fingering, highlight dynamics or remind yourself of a key change.
不要害怕在你的乐谱上乱涂乱画。有些乐谱当然要珍惜的，但乐谱复印件可以被用来接近其能的发挥功用，来帮助你更容易地诠释音乐。用笔记下你演奏失误之处。如果经常犯错就需要多加注意，要改写并用正确的指法演奏，标清楚力度，或者提醒自己此处调性变化。
Record yourself
记录自己练琴过程
By recording your practice sessions you can listen back and perhaps spot some things you may want to consider doing differently that you miss in the moment of practicing or performing. Even consider filming yourself as well as recording yourself, you may notice tension that you were unaware of.
通过记录你的练习，回听时你可能会发现一些你想尝试做的不同的事情，就像你练习或者表演的时候错过的东西。甚至考虑拍摄你自己以及记录你自己，你可能会注意到你无意识的紧张。
Be in the right frame of mind
保持正的心态确
We’re all human, and sometimes we're simply just not in the mood to practise – and there's no point in practising and creating new mistakes rather than overcoming them. So unless you’re under a huge amount of time pressure, it’s OK to take a day off or simply keep your fingers moving by spending 10-20 minutes playing something you know well and really enjoy. Ultimately, we all play because we enjoy the feeling and sound of our instrument, and it can be easy to get frustrated with the pressure and forget to have fun.
我们都是人，有时我们只是没有心情去练习——制造新的错误而不是去克服它们的练琴是没有意义的。所以，除非你有巨大的时间压力，否则休息一天或仅仅是保持你的手指移动，花10-20分钟演奏一些你非常熟悉和享受的音乐。最终，演奏是因为我们享受我们的乐器的感觉和声音，人们很容易因为压力而感到沮丧，忘记了乐趣。
Reward yourself
激励自己
At the end of each practice session, remind yourself how amazing you are to be playing an instrument and treat yourself afterwards!
每次练习结束的时候，提醒自己，你太棒了，在演奏乐器之后，你要善待自己！
Exsultate, jubilate, K. 165: IV. Allelujah (Arr. for Trumpet and Orchestra)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart/Robert Clark/Consort of London/Maurice Murphy - Mozart
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